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A renewable energy system is an integrated technology and equipment that converts energy sources available in nature (sun, wind, water, geothermal energy, etc.) into electricity or heat energy and efficiently produces, stores, and supplies them.

Energy sources		How it works	Advantages	Disadvantage	Application Cases
	Solar PV	Sunlight ⇒ Electricity    (Photoelectric Effect)	Clean energy    Low maintenance costs,    Small installation possible	Depends on sunlight   Power generation only    during the day, Installation    costs are somewhat high	Tidal power plant     (e.g. Sihwa Lake)   Experimental marine    power plant
	Solar Thermal	Sunlight ⇒ heat energy	Effective for heating and    hot water   Simple structure	Not available at night   Seasonal influence is    significant	Water heaters, heaters   Agricultural dryers
	Wind Power	Wind energy ⇒ electricity    (turbine rotation)	High power generation    efficiency   Low maintenance costs    after installation	Depends on wind condition   Isolation and issues	Offshore/Onshore Wind    Power Plants
	Hydro power	The potential energy of water   turns the turbine to generate    electricity	Highest power generation   efficiency, Immediate power    generation possible	Concerns about environ-   mental damage, Need for    space to install dam	Large dams, Small hydro   electric power
	Geothermal	Using underground heat to    generate steam or hot water	24/7 operation   Almost zero greenhouse    gases	Regional restrictions, High    initial development costs	Geothermal Heating and   Cooling, Hot Springs    Regional Power Plant
	Biomass	Bio-resources ⇒ Fuel or    electricity	Waste recyclable   Easy to store	Some carbon emissions    exist, Need for fuel supply	Biogas Power Plant   Agricultural Waste to    Energy
	Tides, current,   wave power,	Water kinetic energy such as    tides/waves ⇒ Converted    into electrical energy	Predictable Resources   No Carbon Emissions	Technology Immaturity,   Concerns about the impact    on marine ecosystems	Tidal power plant    (e.g. Sihwa Lake)   Experimental marine    power plant

√  When linked with a smart grid, energy production and consumption can be intelligently controlled, enabling efficient energy management.

√  When used with energy storage devices (e.g. lithium-ion batteries, hydrogen storage technology), energy independence becomes possible.

√  Most renewable energy systems can be operated as grid-connected or standalone.

   ◎  Main Component of Renewable Energy System   

√  Power generation system: Solar panels, wind turbines, hydroelectric generators, etc.

√  Inverter and control system: Devices for power conversion and stable supply

√  Energy management system (EMS): Monitoring and control system for efficient use

√  Energy storage devices: Batteries, hydrogen storage, etc.

   ◎   Applied Case of Renewable Energy Systems   

√  Home Solar Power Generation:  Reduce Electricity Bills

√  Install Solar Power Generation Facilities in Eco-Friendly Agricultural Houses

√  Building Energy Self-Sufficiency System (BEMS):  Optimize Energy Usage

√  Smart Grid:  Combining Power Grid and IT Technology

                                                                      

Solar power generation is a series of processes that convert solar energy into electrical energy using the photoelectric effect of solar cells. Photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which free electrons are generated when light of a frequency higher than the metal's limit frequency is irradiated on a metal. The photoelectric effect was first discovered by Berkel of France in 1839. Initially, the power generation efficiency was at the level of 1~2%, but with the continuous development of materials technology, the power generation efficiency has recently reached the level of 25~30%. Looking at this from the perspective of energy size, the solar energy reaching the Earth is approximately 1000[W] per square meter, so the size of the generated energy per square meter is 250~300W.

   ◎  Principle of Solar Power Generation    

In the solar cell structure diagram below, the surface that receives light is the upper N layer, which is thinner than the P layer. This is to make it easier for light to reach the bonding surface. The upper part of the N layer is made of low-iron tempered glass, which functions to protect the module while receiving light, and has a pearl coating, so foreign substances do not stick easily.

< PV Solar cell structure >

 

   ◎  Incident light intensity of Solar power generation   

 

The time of day when the sun is directly south is called the meridian altitude, and it is highest around 12:00 to 12:30 every day, and highest during the summer solstice and lowest during the winter solstice. The figure below is a chart statistically showing the concept of meridian altitude and the monthly meridian altitude in Korea, which is a very important criterion when installing solar panels and designing power generation. This meridian altitude varies depending on latitude, and is the opposite in the Southern Hemisphere.

   < Sun's meridian altitude in latitude >

1)  Seasonal Southern and Northern Hemisphere Altitude Standards (in Korea territory)

Seasonal div.	Vernal Equinox)	Summer Solstice)	Autumn Equinox)	Winter Solstice
latitude	90° – latitude	90° – latitude + 23.5°	90° – latitude	90° – latitude - 23.5°
Example  calculation	     Ex . > What is the meridian elevation at the summer solstice in a region with a latitude of 36°?   ​90° - 36° + 23.5° = 77.5°   ​When designing, the angle of incidence is designed based on the sun's altitude at the power generation limit time.    In this case, it is appropriate to apply between 20° and 25°.

The figure below illustrates the distribution of solar energy incident per unit area according to the sun's meridian altitude.

  < Calculating the Sun's meridian altitude at a latitude >

  

  < Statistical monthly solar elevations across Korea >

2)  Solar panel installation angle application standards (Korean standards)

When installing solar panels, determining the installation angle is a very important issue.

This is determined based on the power generation limit time (2 hours after sunrise, 2 hours before sunset) during the winter solstice, and since the land utilization rate cannot be ignored, finding the optimal value is very important. The following are the factors to consider when determining the installation angle of solar panels.

√  If the installation angle is small, the installation site increases.

√  Inland areas, the separation distance can be narrower than coastal areas with heavy snowfall.

√  If the appropriate separation distance is not secured, the power generation efficiency decreases.

√ In polluted areas, the installation angle can be large, and in areas without pollution, it can be installed low.

√  The appropriate separation distance is the distance that does not cause problems with power generation and allows efficient use of the site,

    and it varies depending on the region.

​ √  In areas with heavy snowfall, the installation angle should be large, but if the installation angle is large, the separation distance should also

    be large.

 

   ◎  Features of PV Power System   

 

Solar power generation is a representative eco-friendly power generation method that utilizes infinite solar energy and does not require any fuel costs.

In addition, excluding the initial construction cost, maintenance costs are not large due to remote unmanned management.

1)  Features of PV Power System 

< Features of PV power system >  

2)  Advantages of PV power System

Advantages

Disadvantages

Efficiency is constant regardless of size.      The power generation efficiency is determined by the performance       of the module and inverter used rather than the capacity. ​  The resource is semi-permanent.      Since it uses light energy from the sun, it does not degrade or       become expensive like fossil fuels.      It is an Eco-friendly energy source.     Since it does not emit carbon that is generated when generating      power using fossil fuels, it is an eco-friendly energy source.   It can also utilize scattered light.      In addition to sunlight that directly enters the module, it can also       utilize scattered light reflected from the ground through double-sided      modules.   It can be installed anywhere and is easy to maintain.      Solar power generation can be installed anywhere the sun shines.      It can be installed anywhere the sun shines, including on building       rooftops and mountain slopes.

Solar energy has low energy density.      Compared to other power generation facilities, the power generation per       unit area is low. In order to increase power generation, more solar power      must be installed over a larger area.   Initial investment costs and power generation unit prices are high.      Initial construction investment costs such as securing land, solar modules,       inverters, structures, distribution panels, and grid connection are high.   It is greatly affected by the weather.      Since power generation is not possible on cloudy days, snowy days,       or rainy days, the average power generation time is short.      (In Korea, the average is about 3.5 hours per day.)   Installation locations are limited.      Power generation is possible anywhere the sun shines, but it cannot be       installed anywhere.  Therefore, the installation locations are limited.       There are restrictions on installation in areas with high population density,       dense buildings, and agricultural areas.

   ◎  Configuration of PV power system   

When sunlight shines on a solar cell module, electricity is generated by the photovoltaic effect. The electricity produced at this time can be used directly as on-site power as direct current (DC) or sold for power generation purposes. In the case of sales, it is generally necessary to convert it into alternating current (AC) supplied by the user. To do this, the direct current produced by the solar cell module is converted into alternating current using an inverter, and the converted AC electricity is used by the user or sold by connecting to an external grid. The figure below is a diagram illustrating the process of

connecting electricity produced by a solar module to the user and the grid.

1)  Main Components of PV power System  

Device	Main Functions	Remark
PV Cell	A device (PV cell / module / array) that absorbs solar light energy and produces DC current.	Be installed in module base
DC joint boxes	A device that collects direct current (DC) electricity generated from multiple  modules and transmits it to an inverter.	Usually installed on the PV panel    array side
inverter	A device that converts direct current (DC) produced by solar cells into alternating  current (AC).  In the on-grid system, it is connected by synchronizing the system, frequency, and phase.	In off-grid, hybrid systems,load and    battery charging functions are also   included
Bbattery	A device that stores electricity produced during the day so that it can be used at night.	Li-ion, LiFePO4, Pb Battery
PMS system	Through inverters, BMS, data loggers, etc., abnormalities in real-time power   generation, battery status, and power flow are identified and managed.	In small systems, EMS includes    monitoring features
Grid connection	Inverter → TR → Meter → Power grid connection configuration..,  Surplus power is    sold to the grid, and insufficient power is supplied back from the grid.	isolation TR,  Consists of a bidirectional    power meter
Auxiliary  generator	It is installed as a backup for cases of low light levels, such as during the rainy season or typhoons, when solar cells cannot operate for relatively long periods of time.	Replace with normal emergency   generator

2) Typical config. of PV power system (on grid type)

<  Typical config. of PV power system - on grid type >

3)  Configuration type of PV power System

Hybrid type	On-grid type	Off-grid type
* It is a power generation system that combines    power generation methods from other energy    sources such as wind power and solar power.  * It is a configuration method that can perform     mutually complementary operation.	* This method is applied to large-scale power     generation systems such as houses and    buildings in areas where grid connection is     possible.  * If surplus power is sold or the scale of the power    generation business is such, ESS does not    need to be installed.	* It is an independent configuration method     applied to lighthouses, relay stations, satellites,    islands, mountainous areas, and remote areas.  * Basically, ESS must be installed in order to     operate normally.

   ◎  Business feasibility assessment by typical installation capacity of PV power generation system                                

1)  Business feasibility by standard installation capacity 

           (This table may difference depending on the business environment conditions of the installation area)

Capacity type	Capacity (kW)	Target	Investment cost (USD)	Annual income (USD)	income  source	Features	R.O.I
Small size   self operation type	~ 10kW	Private farm,  small house	,,,	,,,	FIT  (20Y, Fixed)	Reduce electricity bills  and supplement income	7y ~
Small biz scale type	10~30kW	Rural houses,  small shops	,,,	,,,	FIT or  SMP+REC	Income-type investment,  rural distribution type	6~7y
Small & medium         scale PV power farm	30~100kW	Asset owners,  corporations,  commercials	,,,	,,,	SMP + REC	Land acquisition  is the 1'st important,  Business model	6~6.5y
Medium scale   PV power farm	100~500kW	Power firm,  EPC company	,,,	,,,	SMP + REC	Grid connection required,  expertise required	5~6y
Mega scale   PV power farm	500kW 이상	Power firm,  PPA company	,,,	,,,	SMP + REC PPA	RPS, PF required,  high risk, high return	5y~

√  FIT (Fixed Price Contract): A power contract with a power company (KEPCO) at a fixed unit price for 20 years

√  SMP (Smart Market Price): A real-time unit price determined by the market

√  REC (Renewable Energy Certificate): A certificate for compensation for eco-friendly power production that can be sold

√  PPA (Power Purchase Agreement): A long-term contract between private companies (for large-scale projects)

      PV Power System Business Model                               

   ◐  All-in one 10kWh PV power System (full Kit with ESS)                                            

This system is a package product consisting of a high-efficiency solar panel, an integrated solar energy storage system (ESS), and all necessary accessories. During the day, the solar panel receives sunlight and converts it into electric energy, simultaneously storing power in the battery and supplying power to the connected device. Even in low-light conditions such as at night or on rainy days, the electricity stored in the ESS can be supplied stably and continuously.

▩ System Configuration

▩ Product Features

√  High energy conversion efficiency, high transmission rate

√  Energy saving, environmentally friendly clean energy

√  Advanced technology, strict quality management system

√  Easy installation, safe operation, zero maintenance cost through modularization

√  Uninterruptible power supply

√  Zero energy housing implementation

▩ Technical Specification

PV3K - EGS5K - 5E
Item	Model	Specifications	QTY	Unit
Main part
Solar Panel	ESM-575MH	Half-cut Mono cell 575W, 42.71Vmp, 13.47A	6	pcs
All-in-one Energy Storage System	EGS-5K-5E Pro	5KW, 5KWH,  LiFePO4 battery ESS	1	pcs
Mounting Bracket	ER-6-ESM575MH-1R6C	Q235 hot-dip galvanized steel/ Aluminum alloy Mounting bracket	1	set
Accessories
Solar Cable	PV Cable 4mm2	4mm²/1500V PV cable	1	kit
Connector	MC4	MC4 connector	1	kit
AC Cable	BVR 4mm²	4mm²/500V AC cable	1	kit
Terminal	VE4012	4mm² cable terminal	1	kit
PV MCB	NB1-63DC	32A 2P 6kA	1	kit
PV SPD	LFM40/PV600	600VDC 40kA 2P	1	kit
AC Input MCB	NXB-63	63A 2P 6kA	1	kit
AC Input SPD	LF M40/2	220VAC 40kA 2P	1	kit
AC Output MCB	NXB-63	63A 2P 6kA	1	kit
Distribution box	PZ30	12 circuit distribution box	1	kit

▩ Main Components

Device	Specification	Appearance
PV panel	High efficiency panel Half-cut cell technology, 144-cell mono type Passed certification and harsh environment durability test Excellent resistance to mechanical load Maximum output: 575W Dimensions: 2279 x 1134 x 35 mm, Weight: 28.5 kg
All-in One with Battery System  LiFePO4  (Embedded)	Guaranteed charging life of more than 8000 times Built-in battery management (BMS) system Compatible with various inverters Supports up to 10 parallel connections (5.75 kW) Fast charging, full charge in 2~3 hours IEC62619, CE, RoHS, UN38.3 certified battery module LFP (Li-FePo4) provides 100% of available energy and can fully discharge    the battery
DC cable & MC4 connector	Cross-sectional area: 4mm², 6mm² (optional) Rated voltage: 600VDC(UL) / 1000VDC(TUV) Rated current: 55A, 70A Color: Black (standard), Red (optional)

   ◐  All-in one 15kWh PV Power System (Hybrid solar power & ESS full kit model)     

The system consists of solar panels, an all-in-one solar energy storage system (ESS), and related accessories. During the day, the solar panels receive sunlight, convert solar energy into electrical energy, and store it in the battery. Even in low-light conditions such as at night or on rainy days, the electricity stored in the ESS can be supplied stably and continuously.

▩ System Configuration

24-hour power supply: High-efficiency PV power energy storage system for continuous energy backup

▩ System Features

√  Reduce facility costs with optimized solar power generation system

√  Apply dual MPPT, maximize solar efficiency and save up to 100% of fees

√  Modular design reduces installation time by 50%

√  24/7 power supply according to usage conditions

√  Adopts long-life LiFePO4 battery with excellent durability (guaranteed to charge more than 6000 times)

√  User-friendly LCD screen

√  Smart fan control function

√  Perfect self-protection function

▩ Technical Specification

PV7K - EGH10K - 10E
Iterm	Model	Specifications	QTY	Unit
Main part
Solar Panel	ESM-575MH	Half-cut Mono cell  575W, 42.71Vmp, 13.47A	12	pcs
All-in-one  Energy Storage System	EHG10K-10E Pro	10KW, 10KWH, 230VAC, 50/60HZ  Single Phase, LiFePO4 battery ESS	1	pcs
Mounting Bracket	ER-12-ESM575 MH-1R12C	Q235 hot-dip galvanized  steel/Aluminum alloy Mounting bracket	1	set
Accessories
Solar Cable	PV Cable 4mm2	4mm²/1500V PV cable	1	kit
Connector	MC4	MC4 connector	1	kit
AC Cable	BVR 6mm²	6mm²/500V AC cable	1	kit
Terminal	VE6012	6mm² cable terminal	1	kit
PV MCB	NB1-63DC	32A 2P 6kA	2	kit
PV SPD	LFM40/PV600	600VDC 40kA 2P	2	kit
AC Input MCB	NXB-63	63A 3P 6kA	1	kit
AC Input SPD	LF M40/2	220VAC 40kA 3P	1	kit
AC Output MCB	NXB-63	63A 3P 6kA	1	kit
Distribution box	PZ30	20 circuit distribution box	1	kit

   ◐  Complete Kit 20kWh PV System (Hyb.Solar Power & ESS complete Kit model)   

The system consists of solar panels, an all-in-one solar energy storage system (ESS), and related accessories. During the day, the solar panels receive sunlight, convert solar energy into electrical energy, and store it in the battery. Even in low-light conditions such as at night or on rainy days, the electricity stored in the ESS can be supplied stably and continuously.

▩ System Configuration

▩ System Feature

√  High energy conversion efficiency, high transmission rate

√  Environmentally friendly clean energy, energy saving,

√  Advanced technology, strict quality management system

√  Assy installation, safe operation, zero maintenance cost through modularization

√  Zero energy housing implementation

√  Uninterruptible power supply

▩ Technical Specification

PV5K - EGS5K - 15E
Iterm	Model	Specifications	QTY	Unit
Main part
Solar Panel	ESM-575MH	Half-cut Mono cell 575W, 42.71Vmp, 13.47A	8	pcs
All-in-one Energy Storage System	EGS5K-20E Pro	5KW, 15KWH LiFePO4 battery ESS	1	pcs
Mounting Bracket	ER-8-ESM575MH-1R8C	Q235 hot-dip galvanized steel/ Aluminum alloy Mounting bracket	1	set
Accessories
Solar Cable	PV Cable 4mm2	4mm²/1500V PV cable	1	kit
Connector	MC4	MC4 connector	1	kit
AC Cable	BVR 4mm²	4mm²/500V AC cable	1	kit
Terminal	VE4012	4mm² cable terminal	1	kit
PV MCB	NB1-63DC	32A 2P 6kA	1	kit
PV SPD	LFM40/PV600	600VDC 40kA 2P	1	kit
AC Input MCB	NXB-63	63A 2P 6kA	1	kit
AC Input SPD	LF M40/2	220VAC 40kA 2P	1	kit
AC Output MCB	NXB-63	63A 2P 6kA	1	kit
Distribution box	PZ30	12 circuit distribution box	1	kit

▩ Main Components

Equipment	Specification	Appearance
PV Panel	High efficiency panel Half-cut cell technology, 144-cell mono type Passed certification and harsh environment durability test Excellent resistance to mechanical load Maximum output: 575W Dimensions: 2279 x 1134 x 35 mm, Weight: 28.5 kg
All-in One LiFePO4  (Battery)	Guaranteed charging life of more than 8000 times Built-in battery management (BMS) system Compatible with various inverters Supports up to 10 parallel connections (5.75 kW) Fast charging, full charge in 2~3 hours IEC62619, CE, RoHS, UN38.3 certified battery module LFP (Li-FePo4) provides 100% of available energy and can fully discharge    the battery
DC Cable & MC4 Connector	Cross-sectional area: 4mm², 6mm² (optional) Rated voltage: 600VDC(UL) / 1000VDC(TUV) Rated current: 55A, 70A Color: Black (standard), Red (optional)

   ◐  Hybrid PV Power System FR Series (3kW, 5kW 5.12kWh FR Series)                    

The system consists of solar panels, solar inverters, wall-mounted Li-ion battery energy storage systems (ESS), and related accessories. During the day, the solar panels receive sunlight, convert solar energy into electrical energy, and store it in the batteries. Even in low-light conditions such as at night or on rainy days, the electricity stored in the ESS can be supplied stably and continuously.

▩ System Cofiguration

▩ Technical Specification

Basic Spec. by Model

Technical specification

▩ Main Components

Equipment	Types & Specification	Appearance
PV panel	Using high-efficiency monocrystalline silicon cells with a size of 182mm*182mm When produced, this module has excellent performance in terms of space     utilization and efficiency    Efficiency ≥ 22.25% +5W tolerance of the module,  module power ≥ 575W guaranteed
Hybrid inverter	4.3 inch touch LCD display screen 1.0 power factor output, pure sine wave voltage <15ms transfer time, uninterruptible power supply Intelligent BMS communication function PV/utility/hybrid 80A fast charging Support PV/utility for lithium battery activation Compatible with various batteries: lithium/lead-acid/gel/sealed battery Wi-Fi module for remote monitoring Up to 9 units can be connected in parallel Support single-phase/split-phase/three-phase parallel connection
L-ion Battery (ESS)	≥6000 cycles @80% DOD @25℃; >15 years design life; Adopt high-quality Grade A square cells and advanced smart BMS to ensure    long battery life. The battery capacity is 10kWh, easy to expand and install, and can be     connected in parallel up to 60kWh. The battery system adopts smart BMS, a high-performance battery     management module with voltage, current and temperature protection    functions, and smooth communication between the battery system and the host. The wall-mounted design is easy to install, beautiful in design, and space-saving.
Cable and  Accessories	Adopting DC high-voltage circuit breakers, DC withstand voltage can be     selected as DC500V, DC1000V, ensuring high reliability TUV certification obtained.
Panel Bracket	Mounting bracket type can be adjusted according to the installation environment Bracket material is made of Q235 hot-dip galvanized steel with anti-corrosion    function Suitable for roof and groun

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